An analysis of the Seven Years’ War by Roseanna Wang

‘Strategy is your war plan. If you go to a war without your strategy, you might not be able to defeat the enemy.’ This quote by Pooja Agnihotri proves that the most significant events that cause victory in war are the clever strategies and tactics, not famed battles. At first, the major events of the Seven Years’ War that come to mind are the Acadian Expulsion, Battle of Louisburg, and Battle of Plains of Abraham. Taking a deeper dive into the intricacy of war, it becomes known that the crucial events of war come from a root intent which forms a strategy with a lasting impact. This is why the three most impactful events in the Seven Years’ War are the ‘Join or Die’ political cartoon, Britain funding Prussia, and the Battle of the Plains of Abraham.

The ‘Join or Die’ political cartoon by Benjamin Franklin was the primary event of importance. It laid the foundation to British victory and gathered British colonies to fight. In 1754 France had a strong advantage despite Britain’s numbers; they were allied with the Indigenous and already knew how to survive winters in North America. (Theodore Michael Christou et al., 2016). Naturally, the British needed to assemble in a cooperated force against the French and their Indigenous allies. Stated by William Clarke, a British colonist, “For my own part, I cannot help thinking that unless there be a united and vigorous opposition of the British colony to them, the French are laying a solid foundation for being, some time or other, sole Masters of this Continent, notwithstanding our present superiority to them in point of Numbers.” (Theodore Michael Christou et al., 2016). This quote reflects how the British colonies were in a situation of being extremely scattered and disunified. This is also represented by the sundered snake marked with initials of British colonies, encouraging the disconnected colonies to join the army, or die the hands of the French (The Story behind the Join or Die Snake Cartoon – National Constitution Center, 2019). Overall, ‘Join or Die’ united the British army to build a stronger, cooperative force. However, the ‘Join or Die’ cartoon worked because it symbolized Benjamin Franklin’s political strategy to consolidate British forces in a cohesive opposition. Also in 1754, Franklin created an ‘Albany Plan of Union’, a proposal to strengthen British forces by creating a unified colonial government (Heimler’s History, 2020). ‘Join or Die’ was used to push forward Franklin’s plan. Although this plan was rejected at first, political cartoons were like the viral images of today; Franklin’s call for colonial unity circulated greatly and impacted countless colonists. This resulted in success when Britain won Fort Beauséjour on June 16, 1755. On July 26, 1758, the British won the Fortress of Louisburg and months later, Fort Frontenac in September and Fort Duquesne in November (Theodore Michael Christou et al., 2016). Conquering Fortress of Louisburg terminated French colonialism in Atlantic Canada, and Fort Frontenac allowed the British to gain an access point into the St. Lawrence River, as well as cut off French trading posts and supply lines. Fort Duquesne gave the British access to the Ohio River Valley. The ‘Join or Die’ political cartoon unified British colonial forces against the French and Indigenous and promoted the ‘Albany Plan of Union’, leading to key British victories

Britian funding Prussia was the second event of importance. William Pitt (British statesman and war minister) came up with a strategy to pay Prussia 133 million euros to fight their French enemies (Theodore Michael Christou et al., 2016). This plan by Pitt withdrew and divided French forces, turning the war in Britain’s favor. Since the beginning, France had an extremely strong start. Even though Britain sent over 20,000 additional soldiers to North America, the French used their forces wisely and relied on surprise attacks in small groups of people (Guerilla Warfare) (Theodore Michael Christou et al., 2016). French even successfully captured Fort Oswego (A British fort near Lake Ontario), setting the tone for triumph. Viewing this current situation, Britain needed to divert forces from France. William Pitt’s brilliant idea to support Prussia removed much of French military from North America. The Seven Years’ War was a global conflict, fought throughout the entire world for control and supremacy. In Europe, Prussia, allied with Britain, was already in conflict with Austria, France’s ally (Eccles, 2006). Luckily, France mainly focused their troops on interests closer to home in Europe. Evidence proves that “France focused its attention on fighting in Europe. This limited the number of troops it sent to defend its economic interests in North America.”(Nelson History 7). This is why France shifted focus to Europe when Britain started supporting Prussia, thinking that Britain also began focusing on Europe.

In summary, Britain funding Prussia forced France to retreat their forces to European Theatre of the Seven Years War, which benefitted the British since France had weaker defense. Aside from diminishing French resources, supporting Prussia also prevented Britain from participating in a large-scale conflict in Europe. Firstly, Britain believed that by conquering North America, they would gain greater control, than if they focused on Europe (Theodore Michael Christou et al., 2016). By funding Prussia, Britain contributed to superiority in Europe by assisting Frederick the Great (King of Prussia) to defer and neutralize enemies such as France and Austria, while allowing itself to focus its military and navy on colonial superiority in North America (Eccles, 2006). All in all, Britain deciding to fund Prussia was a crucial factor to the British victory because it shifted control over North America to the British by dividing the French opposition and contributing to conflicts in Europe while focusing on North America.

Lastly, the final event that steered the Seven Years’ War was the Battle of the Plains of Abraham. This Battle defeated the French and brought the Treaty of Paris. Quebec City was the most important target for the British. By defeating the ‘Heart of New France’, Britain would cut off French supply and communication lines and finish off the largest developed French colony.  The clever strategies of James Wolfe (A British Army General) ensured Britain’s win in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham.  Before attacking, James Wolfe and his army successfully captured the Isle D’Orleans, which was across the St. Lawrence from Quebec City. The first attempt to capture Quebec City failed. On Wolfe’s second attempt to win Quebec City on September 13, 1759, he stationed his troops in a cove and took small boats to Wolfe’s troops climbed a cliff under cover of darkness and surprised the French at dawn, achieving a strategic advantage on the Plains of Abraham. The French first started firing far away, but Wolfe informed his men to hold their ground. The French then got closer, and Montcalm (the French Army General) ordered his men to fire two bullets. Sadly, this was so disorganized that the bullets were much less effective than when Wolfe ordered his army to each fire one bullet right after. The battle continued for several more hours, containing both French and British deaths, including Wolfe’s and Montcalm’s. At last, the remaining French soldiers retreated and surrendered. And so, after 150 years, possession of New France was given to Britain. The French continued to fight back through the winter of 1760, but couldn’t fight off the British. They were cut off from supplies and food, and when both sides called for reinforcements, British reinforcements arrived first (Marshall, 2018). Without this well-fought battle, the British could not have won Quebec City. Finally, this battle was the cause of the Treaty of Paris. Without losing the capital of New France, the French would not have surrendered and ended the war by signing the Articles of Capitulation, which was created in 1760 and signed in 1763, successfully ending the war by signing away all French land in North America to Britain (Nelson History 7)

Strategic decisions shaped the outcome of the Seven Years’ War. Franklin’s ‘Join or Die’ cartoon united British forces, Pitt’s funding of Prussia weakened French defenses, and Wolfe’s leadership at the Plains of Abraham ended French control in Quebec. These events exemplify how strategy, not battle alone, determines victory.

 

References

Heimler’s History, 2020; The Story behind the Join or Die Snake Cartoon – National Constitution Center,               2019

Theodore Michael Cristou, Collishaw, R., R., Hallman-Chong, S., Hendricks, C., Armstrong, J.,

Haskings- Winner, J., Hoogeveen, M., Lee, K.-A., Mackenzie, J., & Mcclintock, M.

(2016). Nelson history 7. Student text. Nelson Education Ltd.

The story behind the Join or Die snake cartoon – National Constitution Center. (2019). National               Constitution Center – Constitutioncenter.org. https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/the-story-              behind-the-join-or-die-snake-cartoon

Eccles, W. (2006, February 7). Seven Years War | The Canadian Encyclopedia.

Thecanadianencyclopedia.ca; The Canadian Encyclopedia.

https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/articl/seven-years-war

Marshall, T. (2018). Battle of the Plains of Abraham  | The Canadian Encyclopedia.

Thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/battle-of-the-plains-of-abraham

Pooja Agnihotri Quote: “Strategy is your war plan. If you go to a war without your strateyg you

might not be able to defeat the enemy.” (2024). Quotefancy.com.

https://quotefancy.com/quote/3711563/Pooja-Agnihotri-Strategy-is-your-war-plan-If-you-go-to-a-war-without-your-strategy-you

Thanks for reading! This article is written by Roseanna Wang.